Which of the following helps to ensure the identities of individuals in a two-way communication are verified?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation The best answer is D. Mutual certificate authentication. A comprehensive explanation is: Mutual certificate authentication is a method of mutual authentication that uses public key certificates to verify the identities of both parties in a two-way communication. A public key certificate is a digital document that contains information about the identity of the certificate holder, such as their name, organization, domain name, etc., as well as their public key, which is used for encryption and digital signature. A public key certificate is issued and signed by a trusted authority, called a certificate authority (CA), that vouches for the validity of the certificate. Mutual certificate authentication works as follows: * Both parties have a public key certificate issued by a CA that they trust. * When they initiate a communication, they exchange their certificates with each other. * They verify the signatures on the certificates using the CA's public key, which they already have or can obtain from a trusted source. * They check that the certificates are not expired, revoked, or tampered with. * They extract the public keys from the certificates and use them to encrypt and decrypt messages or to generate and verify digital signatures. * They confirm that the identities in the certificates match their expectations and intentions. By using mutual certificate authentication, both parties can be confident that they are communicating with the intended and legitimate party, and that their communication is secure and confidential. Mutual certificate authentication is often used in conjunction with Transport Layer Security (TLS), a protocol that provides encryption and authentication for network communications. TLS supports both one-way and two-way authentication. In one-way authentication, only the server presents a certificate to the client, and the client verifies it. In two-way authentication, also known as mutual TLS or mTLS, both the server and the client present certificates to each other, and they both verify them. Mutual TLS is commonly used for secure web services, such as APIs or webhooks, that require both parties to authenticate each other. Virtual private network (VPN), Secure Shell (SSH), and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are all technologies that can help to ensure the identities of individuals in a two-way communication are verified, but they are not methods of mutual authentication by themselves. They can use mutual certificate authentication as one of their options, but they can also use other methods, such as username and password, pre-shared keys, or tokens. Therefore, they are not as specific or accurate as mutual certificate authentication. References: * What is mutual authentication? | Two-way authentication1 * How to prove and verify someone's identity2 * Identity verification - Information Security & Policy3
Question 87
Which of the following is the BEST way for an organization to gain visibility into Its exposure to privacy-related vulnerabilities?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation An analysis of known threats is the best way for an organization to gain visibility into its exposure to privacy-related vulnerabilities because it helps identify the sources, methods and impacts of potential privacy breaches and assess the effectiveness of existing controls. A data loss prevention (DLP) solution, a review of historical privacy incidents and a monitoring of inbound and outbound communications are useful tools for detecting and preventing privacy violations, but they do not provide a comprehensive view of the organization's privacy risk posture. References: * CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version), Domain 1: Privacy Governance, Task 1.4: Coordinate and/or perform privacy impact assessments (PIA) and other privacy-focused assessments1 * CDPSE Certified Data Privacy Solutions Engineer All-in-One Exam Guide, Chapter 2: Privacy * Governance, Section: Privacy Risk Assessment2
Question 88
Which of the following is MOST important when developing an organizational data privacy program?
Correct Answer: C
Explanation Following an established privacy framework is the most important step when developing an organizational data privacy program because it provides a structured and consistent approach to identify, assess, and manage privacy risks and compliance obligations. A privacy framework can also help to align the privacy program with the organization's strategic goals, values, and culture, as well as to communicate and demonstrate the privacy program's effectiveness to internal and external stakeholders. Some examples of established privacy frameworks are the NIST Privacy Framework, the ISO/IEC 27701:2019, and the AICPA Privacy Maturity Model. References: NIST Privacy Framework: A Tool for Improving Privacy through Enterprise Risk Management, NIST ISO/IEC 27701:2019 Security techniques - Extension to ISO/IEC 27001 and ISO/IEC 27002 for privacy information management - Requirements and guidelines, ISO Privacy Maturity Model, AICPA
Question 89
When using pseudonymization to prevent unauthorized access to personal data, which of the following is the MOST important consideration to ensure the data is adequately protected?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation Pseudonymization is a technique that replaces direct identifiers in a data set with pseudonyms or artificial identifiers that do not reveal the identity of the data subjects. Pseudonymization reduces the linkability of the data set with the original identity of the data subjects and thus enhances the privacy and security of the data. However, pseudonymization is not irreversible and the original identity can be re-established if the pseudonym or key is compromised. Therefore, it is important to keep the identifier separate and distinct from the data it protects and to apply additional security measures to safeguard the identifier. The other options are not relevant to pseudonymization1, p. 74-75 References: 1: CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
Question 90
Which of the following technologies BEST facilitates protection of personal data?
Correct Answer: A
Explanation Data loss prevention (DLP) tools are technologies that help to prevent unauthorized access, use, or transfer of personal data. DLP tools can monitor, detect, and block data leakage or exfiltration from various sources, such as endpoints, networks, cloud services, or email. DLP tools can also enforce data protection policies and compliance requirements, such as encryption, masking, or deletion of sensitive data. DLP tools can help to protect personal data from both internal and external threats, such as malicious insiders, hackers, or accidental exposure. References: * Data protection solutions rely on technologies such as data loss prevention (DLP), storage with built-in data protection, firewalls, encryption, and endpoint protection, Cloudian * Top 10 Hot Data Security And Privacy Technologies, Forbes
