Which of the following Linux filesystems preallocates a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/creation time and does NOT generate them as needed? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
Correct Answer: B,C
Question 62
Which of the following properties of a Linux system should be changed when a virtual machine is cloned? (Choose two.)
Correct Answer: C,E
Explanation The properties of a Linux system that should be changed when a virtual machine is cloned are the D-Bus Machine ID and the SSH host keys. The D-Bus Machine ID is a unique identifier for the system that is used by the D-Bus message bus system to communicate between applications. The D-Bus Machine ID is stored in the /etc/machine-id or /var/lib/dbus/machine-id file and it is generated during the first boot of the system. If a virtual machine is cloned without changing the D-Bus Machine ID, it can cause conflicts and errors with the D-Bus services on the clone and the original system. To change the D-Bus Machine ID, the file containing it must be deleted or emptied and the system must be rebooted12. The SSH host keys are cryptographic keys that are used by the SSH protocol to authenticate the identity of the system and establish a secure connection. The SSH host keys are stored in the /etc/ssh directory and they are generated during the first boot of the system or the installation of the openssh-server package. If a virtual machine is cloned without changing the SSH host keys, it can compromise the security and integrity of the SSH connections, as the clone and the original system will have the same keys. To change the SSH host keys, the files containing them must be deleted and the ssh-keygen command must be run to generate new keys34. The other options are false or irrelevant. The partitioning scheme and the file system are not properties of a Linux system that need to be changed when a virtual machine is cloned, as they do not affect the functionality or the identity of the system. The permissions of /root/ are also not properties of a Linux system that need to be changed when a virtual machine is cloned, as they do not affect the security or the communication of the system. References: * Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs1 * Exam 101 Objectives - Linux Professional Institute2 * How to Clone Virtual Machine in VirtualBox - UbuntuMint3 * Chapter 4. Cloning Virtual Machines Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 | Red ...4
Question 63
The system is having trouble and the engineer wants to bypass the usual /sbin/init start up and run /bin/sh. What is the usual way to pass this change to the kernel from your boot loader?
Correct Answer: B
Explanation The usual way to pass this change to the kernel from the boot loader is to pass init=/bin/sh on the kernel parameter line12. The init kernel parameter is used to specify the program that is run as the first process after the kernel is loaded3. By default, this program is /sbin/init, which is responsible for starting and managing other processes and services4. However, by passing init=/bin/sh, the kernel will run /bin/sh instead, which is a shell program that allows the user to execute commands interactively or from a script5. This way, the user can bypass the usual initialization process and run /bin/sh as the root user, which can be useful for troubleshooting or recovery purposes12. The other options in the question are not correct because: * A. Start in runlevel 1: This option would not bypass the /sbin/init program, but rather instruct it to start the system in single-user mode, which is a mode that allows only the root user to log in, and disables all network services and graphical interfaces. To start in runlevel 1, the user would need to pass single or 1 on the kernel parameter line, not init=/bin/sh. * C. Pass /bin/sh on the kernel parameter line: This option would not work, because the kernel would not recognize /bin/sh as a valid parameter and would ignore it. The kernel only accepts parameters that have a specific format, such as name=value or name.flag3. To specify the init program, the user would need to use the init= prefix, as in init=/bin/sh3. * D. Pass start=/bin/sh on the kernel parameter line: This option would also not work, because the kernel does not have a start parameter. The user would need to use the init parameter, as in init=/bin/sh3. References: 1: How to pass arguments to a Linux kernel init= bootparam? - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange 2: kernel parameter init=/bin/bash not working? (RHEL7, RHCSA test) - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange 3: The kernel's command-lineparameters - The Linux Kernel documentation 4: [init - Wikipedia] 5: [sh - Wikipedia] : [Single-user mode - Wikipedia] : How to Change Runlevels (targets) in SystemD - Tecmint
Question 64
The command dbmaint & was used to run dbmaint in the background. However, dbmaint is terminated after logging out of the system. Which alternative dbmaint invocation lets dbmaint continue to run even when the user running the program logs out?
Correct Answer: D
Question 65
Which of the following commands can be used to determine how long the system has been running? (Choose two.) uptime
