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  1. Home
  2. PECB Certification
  3. ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor Exam
  4. PECB.ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Auditor.v2026-01-12.q371 Dumps
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Question 201

Scenario:
Northstorm is an online retail shop offering unique vintage and modern accessories. It initially entered a small market but gradually grew thanks to the development of the overall e-commerce landscape. Northstorm works exclusively online and ensures efficient payment processing, inventory management, marketing tools, and shipment orders. It uses prioritized ordering to receive, restock, and ship its most popular products.
Northstorm has traditionally managed its IT operations by hosting its website and maintaining full control over its infrastructure, including hardware, software, and data administration. However, this approach hindered its growth due to the lack of responsive infrastructure. Seeking to enhance its e-commerce and payment systems, Northstorm opted to expand its in-house data centers, completing the expansion in two phases over three months. Initially, the company upgraded its core servers, point-of-sale, ordering, billing, database, and backup systems. The second phase involved improving mail, payment, and network functionalities. Additionally, during this phase, Northstorm adopted an international standard for personally identifiable information (PII) controllers and PII processors regarding PII processing to ensure its data handling practices were secure and compliant with global regulations.
Despite the expansion, Northstorm's upgraded data centers failed to meet its evolving business demands. This inadequacy led to several new challenges, including issues with order prioritization. Customers reported not receiving priority orders, and the company struggled with responsiveness. This was largely due to the main server's inability to process orders from YouDecide, an application designed to prioritize orders and simulate customer interactions. The application, reliant on advanced algorithms, was incompatible with the new operating system (OS) installed during the upgrade.
Faced with urgent compatibility issues, Northstorm quickly patched the application without proper validation, leading to the installation of a compromised version. This security lapse resulted in the main server being affected and the company's website going offline for a week. Recognizing the need for a more reliable solution, the company decided to outsource its website hosting to an e-commerce provider. The company signed a confidentiality agreement concerning product ownership and conducted a thorough review of user access rights to enhance security before transitioning.
Which of the following situations represents a vulnerability in Northstorm's systems?

Correct Answer: C
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
A vulnerability in information security refers to a weakness in a system, process, or software that can be exploited, leading to security incidents. In this case, the most significant vulnerability in Northstorm's system was the installation of an illegitimate (compromised) version of the application, which directly impacted the main server and resulted in system downtime.
A . The new version of the application directly affecting the main server is an outcome rather than the vulnerability itself. The reason it affected the server was due to its compromised nature.
B . The need for a replacement version of the application is not a vulnerability but rather a necessity due to the incompatibility issue introduced by the OS upgrade.
C . The new version of the application being illegitimate is the true vulnerability because it represents an unauthorized or unverified change that introduced malicious code or other security risks. This could have been mitigated by proper validation, secure software development practices, and adherence to change management policies outlined in ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Annex A controls:
A .8.8 Management of Technical Vulnerabilities - Ensures that systems and applications are updated and maintained securely.
A .8.9 Configuration Management - Covers proper software deployment and validation procedures.
A .8.14 Redundancy of Information Processing Facilities - Ensures resilience to failures like server downtimes.
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Question 202

Which two of the following phrases would apply to 'check' in the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for a business process?

Correct Answer: C,F
The two phrases that would apply to 'check' in the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for a business process are:
* C. Verifying training
* F. Auditing processes
* C. This phrase applies to 'check' in the PDCA cycle because it involves measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of the training activities that were implemented in the 'do' phase. Training is an important aspect of information security awareness, education, and competence, which are required by clause 7.2 of ISO 27001:20221. Verifying training can help the organisation to assess whether the staff have acquired the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviour to perform their roles and responsibilities in relation to information security. Verifying training can also help the organisation to identify any gaps or weaknesses in the training program and to plan for improvement actions.
* F. This phrase applies to 'check' in the PDCA cycle because it involves examining and reviewing the performance and conformity of the processes that were implemented in the 'do' phase. Auditing is a
* systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining objective evidence and evaluating it to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled2. Auditing processes can help the organisation to verify whether the information security objectives and requirements are met, whether the information security controls are effective and efficient, and whether the information security risks are adequately managed. Auditing processes can also help the organisation to identify any nonconformities or opportunities for improvement and to plan for corrective or preventive actions.
References:
1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, clause 7.2 2: ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems, clause 3.2
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Question 203

Which two of the following phrases would apply to 'check' in the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for a business process?

Correct Answer: C,F
The two phrases that would apply to 'check' in the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for a business process are:
* C. Verifying training
* F. Auditing processes
* C. This phrase applies to 'check' in the PDCA cycle because it involves measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of the training activities that were implemented in the 'do' phase. Training is an important
* aspect of information security awareness, education, and competence, which are required by clause 7.2 of ISO 27001:20221. Verifying training can help the organisation to assess whether the staff have acquired the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviour to perform their roles and responsibilities in relation to information security. Verifying training can also help the organisation to identify any gaps or weaknesses in the training program and to plan for improvement actions.
* F. This phrase applies to 'check' in the PDCA cycle because it involves examining and reviewing the performance and conformity of the processes that were implemented in the 'do' phase. Auditing is a systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining objective evidence and evaluating it to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled2. Auditing processes can help the organisation to verify whether the information security objectives and requirements are met, whether the information security controls are effective and efficient, and whether the information security risks are adequately managed. Auditing processes can also help the organisation to identify any nonconformities or opportunities for improvement and to plan for corrective or preventive actions.
References:
1: ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Requirements, clause 7.2 2: ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems, clause 3.2
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Question 204

Scenario 8: EsBank provides banking and financial solutions to the Estonian banking sector since September 2010. The company has a network of 30 branches with over 100 ATMs across the country.
Operating in a highly regulated industry, EsBank must comply with many laws and regulations regarding the security and privacy of dat a. They need to manage information security across their operations by implementing technical and nontechnical controls. EsBank decided to implement an ISMS based on ISO/IEC 27001 because it provided better security, more risk control, and compliance with key requirements of laws and regulations.
Nine months after the successful implementation of the ISMS, EsBank decided to pursue certification of their ISMS by an independent certification body against ISO/IEC 27001 .The certification audit included all of EsBank's systems, processes, and technologies.
The stage 1 and stage 2 audits were conducted jointly and several nonconformities were detected. The first nonconformity was related to EsBank's labeling of information. The company had an information classification scheme but there was no information labeling procedure. As a result, documents requiring the same level of protection would be labeled differently (sometimes as confidential, other times sensitive).
Considering that all the documents were also stored electronically, the nonconformity also impacted media handling. The audit team used sampling and concluded that 50 of 200 removable media stored sensitive information mistakenly classified as confidential. According to the information classification scheme, confidential information is allowed to be stored in removable media, whereas storing sensitive information is strictly prohibited. This marked the other nonconformity.
They drafted the nonconformity report and discussed the audit conclusions with EsBank's representatives, who agreed to submit an action plan for the detected nonconformities within two months.
EsBank accepted the audit team leader's proposed solution. They resolved the nonconformities by drafting a procedure for information labeling based on the classification scheme for both physical and electronic formats. The removable media procedure was also updated based on this procedure.
Two weeks after the audit completion, EsBank submitted a general action plan. There, they addressed the detected nonconformities and the corrective actions taken, but did not include any details on systems, controls, or operations impacted. The audit team evaluated the action plan and concluded that it would resolve the nonconformities. Yet, EsBank received an unfavorable recommendation for certification.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
According to scenario 8, the audit team evaluated the action plan and concluded that it would resolve the detected nonconformities. Is this acceptable?

Correct Answer: B
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Question 205

Which two of the following phrases would apply to "plan" in relation to the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle for a business process?

Correct Answer: D,E
The Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle is a four-step method for implementing and improving processes, products, or services. The "plan" phase involves establishing the objectives and processes necessary to deliver the desired results. This may include setting SMART goals, identifying resources, defining roles and responsibilities, conducting risk assessments, and developing plans for training, communication, and monitoring.
References:
* ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Lead Auditor (Information Security Management Systems) objectives and content from Quality.org and PECB
* ISO 19011:2018 Guidelines for auditing management systems [Section 5.3.1]
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