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  1. Home
  2. CIPS Certification
  3. L4M3 Exam
  4. CIPS.L4M3.v2025-07-07.q116 Dumps
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Question 106

A company needs to source a product from oversea. It wants to overcome technical barrier to cross-border trade by using standards in the specification. Which of the following is most likely to be incorporated into that specification?

Correct Answer: D
Exporting enterprises must sometimes incur additional costs as they adapt their production to the changing legal requirements of the recipient country. Such requirements can thus create technical barriers to trade.
Discrepancies between product rules adopted by different countries can involve numerous aspects: weight, size, packaging, ingredients, mandatory labeling, shelf-life conditions, testing and certification procedures etc.
One way to overcome these barriers is to adopt international standards. Overseas companies may be more familiar with international standards without looking at specific regulations of importing countries.
Reference:
- What is a technical barrier to trade?
- CIPS study guide page 88-89
LO 2, AC 2.1
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Question 107

Which of the following statements is FALSE on contracts for the leasing of assets?

Correct Answer: C
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the lessee (user) to pay the lessor (owner) for use of an asset. Some characteristics of Leases are:
- The right to use the lessor's asset is granted in exchange for a fee called the lease payment.
- The lease payments are usually paid in installments.
- Leases may be long- or short-term.
- At its inception a lease agreement constitutes a mutually unperformed contract Though the ownership of the asset is not transferred to the lessee, some responsibilities and risks do. The lessor and lessee may negotiate on who is responsible on maintenance, insurance, etc.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.3
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Question 108

Which of the following should be applied when measuring frequency of on-time deliveries during a contract period?

Correct Answer: B
Number of on-time deliveries can be quantified, then numerical measures can be applied.
Frequency of on-time deliveries is measured as on-time deliveries as a percentage of total no. of deliveries for period.
LO 2, AC 2.2
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Question 109

Michelle contacts Hannah and asks her if she would be interested in purchasing her car for £2000. Hannah immediately takes £2000 to Michelle and says she wants to buy the car. Michelle subsequently refuses to proceed. Has the contract between Michelle and Hannah been made?

Correct Answer: A
To solve the question, you must distinguish the following notion:
- Offer: The case of Storer v Manchester City Council [1974] 1 WLR 1403 outlines that an offer is: An expression of willingness to contract on specified terms, with the intention that it is to be binding once accepted
- Acceptance: in order for a contract to be formed, the offer must be accepted. Acceptance represents the meeting of the minds of the parties to the contract - both agree to exchange something for the other (payment, services, goods, etc.).
- Counter offer: is an offer made in response to a prior offer.
- Invitation to treat: An important distinction to make in contract law is that between an offer and an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is usually an invitation for another party to make an offer. It may also be defined as an indication that a party is open to negotiation.
Here are some key distinctions of offers and invitation to treats.
Offer:
* Certain promise to be bound
* Clear and specified terms
* The conduct or words of the party show certainty
* There is no room for negotiation
Invitation to treat:
* There is room for negotiation
* There is an invitation for offers
* There is a request for information
* Lack of certainty
In the scenario above, initially Michelle just gives an invitation to treat because she is asking whether Hannah is interested to buy her car (request for information from Hannah). Hannah may reject or go into a negotiation with Michelle. Then, Hannah makes an offer by taking the money and shows her intention to be legally bound. At this point, when Hannah's offer is present, Michelle can accept or reject. When she rejects, the contract is not formed. The answer must be "No, because Michelle has rejected Hannah's offer on buying the car".
Reference:
- Definition of Counter Offer
- Formation of the contract
- CIPS study guide page 28-35
LO 1, AC 1.2
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Question 110

A manufacturing company signed a contract with a raw material supplier. The contract includes a clause on liquidated damages in case of late delivery. Purchaser was obliged to pay after 30 days from delivery. Eventually raw material was delivered 1 week later than initial plan due to supplier's slow production process. There is no defect in the delivered batch. Which of the following can be claimed by the manufacturing company?

Correct Answer: B
In certain circumstances, where two parties have monetary debts against each other, the right to set-off may arise. A right of set-off allows a ("Party 1") to take into account the amount owed to it by the second party ("Party 2") against any amount owed by Party 1 to Party 2, each party must be a debtor and a creditor.
Common law provides the key features that must be present for set-off to arise are;
1. mutuality of debts (each party must be the sole beneficial owner of the debt it is owed and the sole person liable for the debt it owes)
2. the claims each party has must be for non-payment of money
The common law provisions of set-off can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of a contractual right to set-off (this is discussed further below) so that set-off is applicable in a greater range of situations. If you envisage set-off being a useful right it is not advisable to rely on the implied ability to use it (via common law or equitable set-off). Common law and equitable set-off are subject to various conditions and limitation however, a contractual right of set-off can be drafted to ensure parties are able to agree exactly how and when set-off should be applied.
In the above scenario, the supplier owes the manufacturer the payment for damages, while the manufacturer owes the supplier the payment for goods. This is mutuality of debts, which leads to right of set off.
Reference:
- Set-off on the right foot: a practical guide to set-off
- CIPS study guide page 158-159
LO 3, AC 3.2
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