Which of the following is the GREATEST concern for an organization subject to cross-border data transfer regulations when using a cloud service provider to store and process data?
Correct Answer: D
Reference: Cross-border data transfer regulations are laws and rules that govern the movement of personal data across national or regional boundaries. They aim to protect the privacy rights and interests of the data subjects, and to ensure that their personal data are not subject to lower or incompatible standards of protection in other jurisdictions. Examples of cross-border data transfer regulations include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States, and the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) in China. When an organization uses a cloud service provider to store and process data, it may face the risk of transferring personal data to a region with different data protection requirements, such as a region that has not been recognized as providing adequate or equivalent levels of protection by the original jurisdiction, or a region that has conflicting or incompatible laws or regulations with the original jurisdiction. This may result in the following consequences for the organization: It may violate the cross-border data transfer regulations of the original jurisdiction, and face legal sanctions, fines, or lawsuits from the regulators, customers, or data subjects. It may lose control or visibility over the personal data, and expose them to unauthorized or unlawful access, use, modification, or disclosure by the cloud service provider or third parties. It may compromise the trust and confidence of the customers and data subjects, and damage its reputation and competitiveness. Therefore, an organization subject to cross-border data transfer regulations should carefully assess and manage the risks of using a cloud service provider to store and process data, and ensure that it has appropriate safeguards and mechanisms in place to protect the privacy of personal data across borders. Cross-Border Data Transfer and Data Localization Requirements ... - ISACA, section 1: "As a result, China's National People's Congress (NPC) and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (PCC) put forward suggestions on legislation addressing cross-border data transfer." Regulatory Approaches to Cross-Border Data Transfers, section 1: "Cross-border transfers of personal information are increasingly common in today's globalised economy. However, different jurisdictions have different approaches to regulating such transfers." Cross-Border Data Transfer Requirements: Global Privacy Laws - Securiti, section 1: "Data transfer conditions, mechanisms, localization and regulatory authority of each law." The Regulation of Cross-Border Data Transfers in the Context ... - Springer, section 1: "No Party shall prohibit or restrict the cross-border transfer of information, including personal information, by electronic means if this activity is for the conduct of the business of a covered person."
Question 147
Which of the following approaches to incorporating privacy by design principles BEST ensures the privacy of personal information?
Correct Answer: A
Privacy by design requires proactive, default, and continuous integration of privacy controls across the entire data life cycle (collection through disposal). Limiting to breach response (B) or remediation (C) is reactive, and focusing only on final product development (D) misses earlier phases where most risk originates. "Embed privacy from the outset and across the full life cycle of processing activities."
Question 148
Which of the following should be done FIRST before an organization migrates data from an on-premise solution to a cloud-hosted solution that spans more than one jurisdiction?
Correct Answer: D
The best answer is D. Assess the organization's exposure related to the migration. A comprehensive explanation is: Before an organization migrates data from an on-premise solution to a cloud-hosted solution that spans more than one jurisdiction, it should first assess its exposure related to the migration. This means that the organization should identify and evaluate the potential risks and benefits of moving its data to the cloud, taking into account the legal, regulatory, contractual, and ethical obligations and implications of doing so. Some of the factors that the organization should consider in its assessment are: The nature, sensitivity, and value of the data being migrated, and the impact of its loss, theft, corruption, or disclosure on the organization and its stakeholders. The security, privacy, and compliance requirements and standards that apply to the data in each jurisdiction where it is stored, processed, or accessed, and the differences or conflicts among them. The trustworthiness, reliability, and reputation of the cloud service provider and its subcontractors, and the terms and conditions of their service level agreements (SLAs) and contracts. The availability, performance, scalability, and cost-effectiveness of the cloud-hosted solution compared to the on-premise solution, and the trade-offs involved. The technical feasibility and complexity of migrating the data from the on-premise solution to the cloud-hosted solution, and the tools and methods needed to do so. The organizational readiness and capability to manage the change and transition from the on-premise solution to the cloud-hosted solution, and the training and support needed for the staff and users. By conducting a thorough assessment of its exposure related to the migration, the organization can make an informed decision about whether to proceed with the migration or not, or under what conditions or modifications. The assessment can also help the organization to plan and implement appropriate measures and controls to mitigate or avoid any negative consequences and enhance or maximize any positive outcomes of the migration. Ensuring data loss prevention (DLP) alerts are turned on (A), encrypting the data while it is being migrated (B), and conducting a penetration test of the hosted solution are all good practices to protect data privacy and security when migrating data from an on-premise solution to a cloud-hosted solution that spans more than one jurisdiction. However they are not the first steps that should be done before the migration. They are more relevant during or after the migration process. They also do not address other aspects of exposure related to the migration, such as legal, regulatory, contractual, or ethical issues. Reference: Data Migration: On-Premise to Cloud - 10 Steps to Success1 8 Best Practices for On-Premises to Cloud Migration2 5 Steps for a Successful On-Premise to Cloud Migration3 Extend on-premises data solutions to the cloud4 On Premise to Cloud migration tool5
Question 149
An organization has an initiative to implement database encryption to strengthen privacy controls. Which of the following is the MOST useful information for prioritizing database selection?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation The most useful information for prioritizing database selection for encryption is the asset classification scheme. An asset classification scheme is a system of organizing and categorizing assets based on their value, sensitivity, criticality, or risk level. An asset classification scheme helps to determine the appropriate level of protection or handling for each asset. For example, an asset classification scheme may assign labels such as public, internal, confidential, or secret to different types of data based on their impact if compromised. Databases that contain higher-classified data should be prioritized for encryption to prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification. Database administration audit logs, historical security incidents, or penetration test results are also useful information for database security, but they are not the most useful for prioritizing database selection for encryption. Database administration audit logs are records of activities performed by database administrators or other privileged users on the database system. Database administration audit logs help to monitor and verify the actions and changes made by authorized users and detect any anomalies or violations. Historical security incidents are records of events that have compromised or threatened the security of the database system in the past. Historical security incidents help to identify and analyze the root causes, impacts, and lessons learned from previous breaches or attacks. Penetration test results are reports of simulated attacks performed by ethical hackers or security experts on the database system to evaluate its vulnerabilities and defenses. Penetration test results help to discover and exploit any weaknesses or gaps in the database security posture and recommend remediation actions. References: Data Classification Policy - SANS Institute, Database Security Best Practices - Oracle, [Database Security: An Essential Guide | IBM]
Question 150
Which of the following BEST ensures a mobile application implementation will meet an organization's data security standards?
Correct Answer: D
Explanation A mobile application implementation should meet the organization's data security standards by ensuring that the application does not contain any vulnerabilities, errors or malicious code that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the data. An automatic dynamic code scan is a technique that analyzes the application code while it is running to detect and report any security issues or defects. An automatic dynamic code scan can help to identify and fix any potential data security risks before the application is deployed. The other options are not sufficient to ensure data security standards. UAT is a process of verifying that the application meets the user requirements and expectations, but it does not necessarily test for data security. Data classification is a process of categorizing data according to its sensitivity and value, but it does not ensure that the data is protected by the application. A PIA is a process of identifying and evaluating the privacy impacts of a system or project that involves personal data, but it does not ensure that the system or project meets data security standards. , p. 89-90 References: : CDPSE Review Manual (Digital Version)
