Section: Volume B
Explanation:
One of the models used to describe team development is the Tuckman ladder (Tuckman, 1965; Tuckman & Jensen, 1977), which includes fve stages of development that teams may go through. Although it's common for these stages to occur in order, it's not uncommon for a team to get stuck in a particular stage or slip to an earlier stage. Projects with team members who worked together in the past may skip a stage.
Forming. This phase is where the team meets and learns about the project and their formal roles and
responsibilities. Team members tend to be independent and not as open in this phase.
Storming. During this phase, the team begins to address the project work, technical decisions, and the
project management approach. If team members are not collaborative and open to differing ideas and perspectives, the environment can become counterproductive.
Norming. In the norming phase, team members begin to work together and adjust their work habits and
behaviors to support the team. The team learns to trust each other.
Performing. Teams that reach the performing stage function as a well-organized unit. They are
interdependent and work through issues smoothly and effectively.
Adjourning. In the adjourning phase, the team completes the work and moves on from the project. This
typically occurs when staff is released from the project as deliverables are completed or as part of carrying out the Close Project or Phase process (Section 4.6).
The duration of a particular stage depends upon team dynamics, team size, and team leadership. Project managers should have a good understanding of team dynamics in order to move their team members through all stages in an effective manner.
